This paper reviews the literature examining how costs of monitoring for, acquiring, and analyzing firm disclosures – collectively, "disclosure processing costs" – affect investor information choices, trades, and market outcomes. The existence of disclosure processing costs means that disclosures are not "public" information as traditionally defined, but instead can be a form of costly private information. Conceptualizing disclosures as private information makes it clear that learning from disclosures is an active economic choice and that disclosure pricing cannot be perfectly efficient. We review the analytical and empirical literature on sources of processing costs and how these costs affect equity market outcomes, primarily within rational equilibria. We also discuss studies of the feedback effects of investors' processing costs on managers' choices about disclosure and corporate actions. We conclude that disclosure processing costs have implications for a wide array of accounting research and phenomena, but we are only just beginning to understand their effects. • We review the literature examining how costs of monitoring for, acquiring, and analyzing firm disclosures – collectively, "disclosure processing costs" – affect investor information choices, trades, and market outcomes. • The existence of processing costs means that learning from disclosures is an active economic choice, much like learning from any private information source. Rational investors expect a competitive return to processing and, thus, disclosure pricing cannot be perfectly efficient. • There is extensive evidence that disclosure processing costs affect all types of investors, from the smallest to most sophisticated, and can affect stock returns and other market outcomes within rational equilibria. • We organize the literature based on four sources of variation in disclosure processing costs: over time for a given investor; across types of investors; across disclosures; and variation driven by new technologies. • We conclude that disclosure processing costs have implications for a wide array of accounting research, but we are only just beginning to understand their effects.
